The basic structure of an electric bicycle
An electric bicycle consists of five major components: the frame, the electric drive system (motor), a rechargeable battery, a charger, and a control system.
Different types of vehicles vary in battery placement, control systems, and other aspects.
(1) Vehicle Frame: According to national standards, the maximum speed of an electric bicycle is 20 km/h, and there are no special requirements for the frame; it is generally similar to that of a conventional bicycle and retains the ability to be pedaled manually.
(2) Electric Drive Unit (Motor): There are generally three types of electric drive systems for e‑bikes: 1. Friction‑drive; 2. Mid‑drive; and 3. Hub‑motor. Because the hub‑motor system offers advantages such as compact size, light weight, low energy consumption, and relatively high efficiency, it is now the predominant configuration in domestic e‑bikes. Motors are classified into brushless and brushed types. Brushless motors are typically low‑speed, high‑torque units that eliminate transmission gears, thereby reducing mechanical wear and producing virtually no noise during operation; however, they exhibit significant inrush current at startup and require a more complex control system. Hub‑mounted brushed motors employ advanced technologies to extend brush life, deliver higher motor efficiency, and feature a simpler electronic control circuitry.
(3) Rechargeable batteries: The batteries used in electric bicycles fall into three main categories—small sealed maintenance‑free lead‑acid batteries, nickel‑cadmium batteries, and nickel‑metal hydride batteries. Among these, small sealed maintenance‑free lead‑acid batteries are widely adopted by domestic manufacturers due to their low cost and high capacity.
(4) Charger: The charger is designed with an automatic three-stage switching mode—constant current, constant voltage, and float charge—to protect the battery and effectively extend its service life.
(5) Control System: The control system is designed with multiple protective functions, including battery‑level display, wireless speed regulation, soft start, undervoltage protection, overcurrent protection, and brake‑activated power cut‑off. These features safeguard both the motor and the battery, ensuring that current is delivered in a controlled manner to generate the required power without damaging the motor. At present, most electric bicycles developed domestically rely on a manual throttle to manually regulate the power supply.
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